The Islamic Science-Tech NEWS-LETTER
The Islamic
Science-Tech.
NEWS-LETTER
Post Code No: 4100
Post Office : Bandar
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P.S: Sadarghat, Madarbari
Chattagram (Chittagong)
BANGLADESH
What is News?
Meaning of News
Etymology
Definition
of news
Kids Definition of news
NewsCodes
·
Radio
technology
Space
communication
The Word of Television
Audio Media
Public relations
E-books
Journalism
Subject matter
Advertising
Daily News Paper
Newspapers:Europe
America
Asia
Middle East
Press Council
Subject matter
Print
Online
BANGLADESH
What is News?
(Courtesy of Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)
News
/n(y)o͞oz/
\ ˈnüz , ˈnyüz\
·
Newly received or noteworthy information..
New+s=News
Meaning of News
Etymology
The English word "news" developed in the 14th century
as a special use of the plural form of "new". In Middle
English, the equivalent word was newes,
like the French nouvelles and the
German Neues. Similar developments are found in the Slavic
languages the Czech and Slovak noviny (from nový,
"new"), the cognate Polish nowiny, the Bulgarian novini,
and Russian novosti –
and in the Celtic
languages: the Welsh newyddion (from newydd) and
the Cornish nowodhow (from nowydh).
Definition
of news
1a: a report of recent events.
b: previously unknown information.
c: something having a specified
influence or effect. 2a: material reported in a newspaper or news periodical or on a newscast listened to the news on the radio.
Kids Definition of news
1: a report of recent events or unknown
information.
2: information or recent events reported in a
newspaper or magazine or on a broadcast.
3: a broadcast of information on recent
events.
4: an event that is interesting enough to be
reported.
News is information about
current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of
mouth, printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or
through the testimony of
observers and witnesses to
events.
NewsCodes
NewsCodes is the branding of Controlled Vocabularies created and maintained by IPTC. A set of them can be used to classify news content - regardless of the media type - and another set is used to support the functionality of IPTC's news exchange format standards.
The news is being spread
with following several mass
communications:
Mass
communication:Source of News
Spreading.
Mass
communication
(Courtesy
of Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)
What is Mass Communication?
·
Mass communication is the process of transmitting messages to
a large number of scattered audiences.
·
Through mass communication, information can be transmitted
quickly to a large number of people who generally stay far away from the
sources of information. Mass communication is being done through many mediums,
such as radio, television, social networking, billboards, and newspapers.
Mass communication is
the study of how people exchange their information through mass media to large segments of
the population at the same time with an amazing speed. In other words,
mass communication refers
to imparting and exchanging information on a large scale to a wide range of
people. It is usually understood for relating newspaper, magazine, and book publishing, as well as radio, television and film, even via internet as these mediums are
used for disseminating information, news and advertising. Mass communication differs
from the studies of other forms of communication.
Definition of mass communication։
Normally, transmission of messages to many persons at a
time is called mass communication. But in complete sense, mass
communication can be defined as the process through which a message is
circulated extensively among people nearby and also throughout far extending
areas such as entire countries or the globe.
·
Radio
·
(Courtesy of Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)
·
·
It was invented in the late 80s by sir Ben G, then was
later introduced to cars. Ben G sadly passed in the late 1870s on June 2nd he
will he remembered as a man with a dream.
·
{short description|Technology of using radio waves to carry
information}}
·
Radio is the
technology of signaling or communicating using radio waves.[1][2][3] Radio waves are electromagnetic
waves of frequencybetween 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are
generated by an electronic device called a transmitter connected to an antenna which radiates the waves, and received by a radio receiver connected to another
antenna.
The
word "radio" is derived from the Latin word "radius",
meaning "spoke of a wheel, beam of light, ray". It was first applied
to communications in 1881 when, at the suggestion of French scientist Ernest
Mercadier, Alexander
Graham Bell adopted "radiophone" (meaning
"radiated sound") as an alternate name for his photophone optical transmission system.However, this invention
would not be widely adopted.
The
use of "radio" as a standalone word dates back to at least December
30, 1904, when instructions issued by the British Post Office for transmitting
telegrams specified that "The word 'Radio'... is sent in the Service
Instructions".This practice was universally adopted, and the word
"radio" introduced internationally, by the 1906 Berlin
Radiotelegraphic Convention, which included a Service Regulation specifying
that "Radio telegrams shall show in the preamble that the service is
'Radio'.
·
Radio
technology
·
Radio waves are radiated by electric charges undergoing acceleration.[4] They are generated
artificially by time varying electric currents,
consisting of electrons flowing
back and forth in a metal conductor called an antenna.[5] In transmission,
a transmitter generates
an alternating
current of radio frequency which is applied
to an antenna. The antenna radiates the power in the current as radio waves.
When the waves strike the antenna of a radio receiver, they push the
electrons in the metal back and forth, inducing a tiny alternating current. The
radio receiver connected to the receiving antenna detects this oscillating current
and amplifies it.
· Scientific research
Arecibo radio telescope, in Puerto RicoRadio
astronomy is the scientific study
of radio waves emitted by astronomical objects. Radio astronomers use radio
telescopes, large radio antennas and
receivers, to receive and study the radio waves from astronomical radio sources. Since astronomical radio sources are so
far away, the radio waves from them are extremely weak, requiring extremely
sensitive receivers, and radio telescopes are the most sensitive radio
receivers in existence. They use large parabolic
(dish) antennas up to 500 meters
(2,000 ft) in diameter to collect enough radio wave energy to study.
Television
(Courtesy of Wikipedia,Encyclopedia)
Flat-screen
televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store in 2008.
Television (TV), sometimes
shortened to tele or telly, is a telecommunication
medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white), or
in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can
refer to a television set, a
television program ("TV show"), or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising,
entertainment and news.
Digital
Digital
television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed
and multiplexed signals, in contrast to the totally analog and channel
separated signals used by analog television. Due
to data
compression digital TV can support more than one program in
the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents
the first significant evolution in television technology since color television
in the 1950s.
Electronic
In
1897, English physicist J. J. Thomson was
able, in his three famous experiments, to deflect cathode rays, a fundamental
function of the modern cathode ray
tube (CRT). The earliest version of the CRT was invented
by the German physicist Ferdinand Braun in
1897 and is also known as the "Braun" tube. It was a cold-cathode diode, a
modification of the Crookes tube,
with a phosphor-coated screen. In 1906 the Germans Max
Dieckmann and Gustav Glage produced raster images for
the first time in a CRT.[31]
Space
communication
This
is radio communication between a spacecraft and an Earth-based
ground station, or another spacecraft. Communication with spacecraft involves
the longest transmission distances of any radio links, up to billions of
kilometers for interplanetary
spacecraft. In order to receive the weak signals from distant
spacecraft, satellite
ground stations use large parabolic "dish" antennas up
to 25 metres (82 ft) in diameter and extremely sensitive receivers.
Communication satellite – an artificial satellite used as a telecommunications relay to transmit data between widely
separated points on Earth. These are used because the microwaves used for telecommunications travel
by line of sight and so cannot propagate around the
curve of the Earth. There are currently over 2000 communication satellites in
orbit around the Earth. Most are in geostationary orbit 22,200 miles (35,700 km)
above the equator,
so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky, so
the satellite dish antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot
and do not have to move to track it.
The Word of Television
The word television comes
from Ancient
Greek τῆλε (tèle), meaning 'far', and Latin visio, meaning
'sight'. The first documented usage of the term dates back to 1900, when the
Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi used
it in a paper that he presented in French at the 1st International Congress of
Electricity, which ran from 18 to 25 August 1900 during the International
World Fair in Paris.
Social Media
Social
media, in its modern use, refers to platforms used on both
mobile devices and home computers that allow users to interact through the use
of words, images, sounds, and video. Social media includes popular sites
such as Facebook and Instagram, as well as sites that can aid in business
networking such as LinkedIn. The use and importance of social media in
communications and public relations has grown drastically throughout the years
and is now a staple in advertisements to mass audiences. For many newer
companies and businesses geared towards young people social media is a tool for
advertising purposes and growing the brand. Social Media provides additional
ways to connect and reach out to ones targeted audience.
Social
media have introduced new difficulties into relationships. One way this
has occurred is through catfishing. The term catfish refers to a
person who uses a false online profile on a social media platform. Most
commonly, a catfish communicates with another online profile to get them to
fall in love with the false persona they created. The MTV reality show Catfish:
The TV Show has brought mainstream attention to this issue.[4]
Audio Media
Recordings,
developed in the 1870s, became the first non-print form of mass communication.
The invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in the late 19th
century, the graphophone by
Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Tainter, and the gramophone by The Victor Talking Machine Company were the first
competing mass media forms that brought recorded music to the masses.[4]
Public relations
Public
relations is the process of providing information to the
public in order to present a specific view of a product or organization. Public
relations differs from advertising in that it is less obtrusive, and aimed at
providing a more comprehensive opinion to a large audience in order to
shape public
opinion.
E-books
E-books
have changed how people read. People are able to download books onto their
devices. This allows consumers to track what they read, to annotate, and to
search for definitions of words on the internet. With e-books in
education, the increased demand for mobile access to course materials and
ebooks for students corresponds with the increased number of smartphones.
What is News Paper/Letter?
A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.
Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports and art, and often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, obituaries, birth notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips, and advice columns.
Newspapers developed in the 17th century, as information sheets for businessmen. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspapers.
Journalism
Journalism, is
the collection, verification, presentation, and editing of news for
presentation through the media, in this sense, refers to the study of the
product and production of news.
The study of journalism involves looking at how news is produced, and how
it is disseminated to the public through mass media outlets
such as newspapers, news channel, radio station, television station, and
more recently, e-readers and smartphones. The
information provided pertains to current events, trends, issues, and people.
Subject matter
General
newspapers cover all topics, with different emphasis. While at least mentioning
all topics, some might have good coverage of international events of
importance; others might concentrate more on national or local entertainment or
sports. Specialised newspapers might concentrate more specifically on, for
example, financial matters. There are publications covering exclusively sports,
or certain sports, horse-racing, theatre, and so on, although they may no
longer be called newspapers.
Advertising
Advertising, in relation to mass communication, is marketing a product or service in a persuasive manner that encourages the audience to buy the product or use the service. Because advertising generally takes place through some form of mass media, such as television, studying the effects and methods of advertising is relevant to the study of mass communication. Advertising is the paid, impersonal, one-way marketing of persuasive information from a sponsor. Through mass communication channels, the sponsor promotes the adoption of goods, services or ideas. Advertisers have full control of the message being sent to their audience.
National
Most
nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole
country: a national newspaper. Some national newspapers, such as
the Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal, are
specialised (in these examples, on financial matters). There are many national newspapers in the
United Kingdom, but only a few in the United States and Canada. In Canada, The Globe and Mail is
sold throughout the country. In the United States, in addition to national
newspapers as such, The New York Times is
available throughout the country.
There
is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as international
newspapers. Some, such as The New York Times
International Edition, (formerly The International Herald
Tribune) have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national
newspapers or "international editions" of national or large
metropolitan newspapers.
Daily News Paper
A daily
newspaper is printed every day, sometimes with the exception of
Sundays and occasionally Saturdays, (and some major holidays)[34] and often
of some national holidays.
Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of
daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections (e.g., on
arts, films, entertainment) and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically,
the majority of these newspapers' staff members work Monday to Friday, so the
Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content
that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are sold in the morning.
Afternoon
or evening papers, once common but now scarce, are aimed more at commuters and
office workers.
Weekly and other
Weekly
newspapers are published once a week, and tend to be
smaller than daily papers. Some newspapers are published two or three times a
week and are known as biweekly publications.
A local
newspaper serves a region such as a city, or part of a large city.
Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large
metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be
found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer
sources.
Newspapers:Europe
The
first mechanical movable type printing, that allowed the mass production of
printed books, is invented by Johann Gutenberg. In
the 50 years after Gutenberg started printing, an estimated 500,000 books were
in circulation, printed on about 1,000 presses across the continent.
Gutenberg's invention was a simple device, but it launched a revolution marked
by repeated advances in technology.
America
Diario de Pernambuco, founded in November 1825 is the second
oldest circulating newspaper in South America, after El Peruano, founded in October of that same year.
In
Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. This is considered the first newspaper in the American
colonies even though only one edition was published before the
paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to
be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the
colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began publishing in New York and
Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were
usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content
depended on the editor's interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became
the first American daily.
Asia
During
the Tang Dynasty in
China (618–906), the Kaiyuan Za Bao published the government news; it was block-printed onto
paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be
published. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper of the modern
type in South Asia was by William Bolts, a
Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in
Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to
Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, Hicky's Bengal Gazette, was published by an Irishman, James Augustus Hicky. He
used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism.
Middle East
The history of Middle Eastern newspapers goes
back to the 19th century. Many editors were not only journalists but also
writers, philosophers and politicians. With unofficial journals, these
intellectuals encouraged public discourse on politics in the Ottoman and Persian Empires.
Literary works of all genres were serialized and published in the press as
well.
The
first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were owned by foreigners living there
who wanted to make propaganda about the Western world. The earliest was
printed in 1795 by the Palais de France in Pera. Indigenous Middle
Eastern journalism started in 1828, when Muhammad Ali, Khedive of
Egypt, ordered the local establishment of the gazette Vekayi-i Misriye (Egyptian
Affairs).[24] It
was first paper written in Ottoman Turkish and Arabic on
opposite pages, and later in Arabic only, under the title "al-Waqa'i'a
al-Masriya".
Press laws
Press laws are
the laws concerning the licensing of books and the liberty of expression in all
products of the printing-press, especially newspapers. The liberty of the press
has always been regarded by political writers as of supreme importance. Give
me liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience,
above all other liberties, says Milton in
the Areopagitica.
Press Council
Press Council may refer to:
· International Press Telecommunications Council, a consortium of the world's major news agencies and news industry vendors
· Danish Press Council, a Danish independent public tribunal press council under the Ministry of Justice
· Press Council of India, a statutory body in India that governs the conduct of the print and broadcast media
· Press Council (UK), a British voluntary press organisation that was succeeded by the Press Complaints Commission in 1990
· Swedish Press Council
Press release
Video news releases
Press release
A press release, news release, media release, press statement or video release is an official statement delivered to members of the news media for the purpose of providing information, an official statement, or making an announcement. A press release is traditionally composed of nine structural elements. Press releases can be delivered to members of the media both physically and electronically.
. Press release length can range from 300 to 800 words Common structural elements include:
· Media Contact Information – name, phone number, email address, mailing address, or other contact information for the PR or other media relations contact person.[4]
· Dateline – contains the release date and usually the originating city of the press release. If the date listed is after the date that the information was actually sent to the media, then the sender is requesting a news embargo.
· Introduction – first paragraph in a press release, that generally gives basic answers to the questions of who, what, when, where and why.
· Body – further explanation, statistics, background, or other details relevant to the news.
· Boilerplate – generally a short "about" section, providing independent background on the issuing company, organization, or individual.
Video news releases
Some public relations firms send out video news releases (VNRs) which are pre-taped video programs that can be aired intact by TV stations.
Video news releases may include interviews of movie-stars which have been taped on a set which located at the movie studio and decorated with the movie's logo.
press conference
(Courtesy of Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)
UK /ˈpres ˌkɒn.fər.əns/ US /ˈpres ˌkɑːn.fɚ.əns/
A news conference or press conference is a media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask questions. A joint press conference instead is held between two or more talking sides.
Practice
In a news conference, one or more speakers may make a statement, which may be followed by questions from reporters. Sometimes only questioning occurs; sometimes there is a statement with no questions permitted.
Censorship
Censorship was
either restrictive or corrective, i.e., it interfered to restrict or prevent
publication, or it enforced penalties after publication. Repression of free
discussion was regarded as so necessary a part of government that Sir Thomas More in
his Utopia makes
it punishable with death for a private individual to criticize the conduct of
the ruling power.
International Press Telecommunications Council
(Courtesy of Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)
The International
Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC), based in London, United Kingdom, is
a consortium of the world's major news agencies,
other news providers and news industry vendors and acts as the global standards body of
the news media.
Subject matter
General newspapers cover all topics, with different
emphasis. While at least mentioning all topics, some might have good coverage
of international events of importance; others might concentrate more on
national or local entertainment or sports. Specialised newspapers might
concentrate more specifically on, for example, financial matters. There are
publications covering exclusively sports, or certain sports, horse-racing,
theatre, and so on, although they may no longer be called newspapers.
Print
For
centuries newspapers were printed on paper and supplied physically to readers
either by local distribution, or in some cases by mail, for example for British
expatriates living in India or Hong Kong who subscribed to British newspapers.
Newspapers can be delivered to subscribers homes and/or businesses by a paper's
own delivery people, sent via the mail,
sold at newsstands, grocery stores and convenience stores, and
delivered to librariesand bookstores.
Newspaper organizations need a large distribution system to deliver their
papers to these different distributors, which typically involves delivery
trucks and delivery people. In recent years, newspapers and other media have
adapted to the changing technology environment by starting to offer online
editions to cater to the needs of the public.
Online
As of
2007, virtually all major printed newspapers have online editions distributed
over the Internet which, depending on the country may be regulated by
journalism organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in
the UK.[38] But
as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable,[39] Web-based
"newspapers" have also started to appear, such as the Southport Reporter in the UK and
the Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and became an
online-only paper.
In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick
Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. This is considered the
first newspaper in the American
colonies even though only one edition
was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the
governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously
published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began publishing
in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British
format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain
and content depended on the editor's interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily.
Who is Reporter/Journalist/Editor/Columnist?
A reporter is
a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present
in sources, conduct interviews, engage in
research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a journalist's
job is sometimes called reporting, in contrast to the production
part of the job such as writing articles. Reporters may split their time
between working in a newsroom and going
out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a
specific beat or area of coverage.
Reporters
Reporters are
journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered and those who
write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers.
Photographers and graphic artists provide
images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in a
subject area, called a beat,
such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write
regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences.
Others
subscriptions /Circulation/Advertising
The
staff of the circulation department liaise with
retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise
distribution of the printed newspapers through the mail, by newspaper carriers, at
retailers, and through vending machines. Free
newspapers do not sell subscriptions, but they
still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the
newspapers. Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell ad space to
clients such as local businesses, but also help clients design and plan their
advertising campaigns. Other members of the advertising department may
include graphic designers,
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